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		<title>Roosevelt, Franklin Delano -- Speech (1938-06-30), National Education Association, World&#8217;s Fair, New York City</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/roosevelt-franklin-delano/74034/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 08 Jan 2025 23:55:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Roosevelt, Franklin Delano]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[authoritarianism]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[When the clock of civilization can be turned back by burning libraries, by exiling scientists, artists, musicians, writers and teachers, by dispersing universities, and by censoring news and literature and art, an added burden is placed upon those countries where the torch of free thought and free learning still burns bright.]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>When the clock of civilization can be turned back by burning libraries, by exiling scientists, artists, musicians, writers and teachers, by dispersing universities, and by censoring news and literature and art, an added burden is placed upon those countries where the torch of free thought and free learning still burns bright.</p>
<br><b>Franklin Delano Roosevelt</b> (1882–1945) American lawyer, politician, statesman, US President (1933–1945)<br>Speech (1938-06-30), National Education Association, World&#8217;s Fair, New York City 
									<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-before-the-national-education-association-new-york-city#:~:text=when%20the%20clock,still%20burns%20bright." target="_blank">Source</a>)
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		<title>Virgil -- Georgics [Georgica], Book 2, l. 504ff (2.504-513) (29 BC) [tr. Bovie (1956)]</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/virgil/63402/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 27 Sep 2023 22:26:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Virgil]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Others lash the unknown seas with oars, Rush at the sword, pay court in royal halls. One destroys a city and its homes To drink from jewelled cups and sleep on scarlet; One hoards his wealth and lies on buried gold. One gapes dumbfounded at the speaker’s stand; At the theater, still another, open-mouthed, Reels [&#8230;]]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Others lash the unknown seas with oars,<br />
Rush at the sword, pay court in royal halls.<br />
One destroys a city and its homes<br />
To drink from jewelled cups and sleep on scarlet;<br />
One hoards his wealth and lies on buried gold.<br />
One gapes dumbfounded at the speaker’s stand;<br />
At the theater, still another, open-mouthed,<br />
Reels before crescendos of applause<br />
From the tiers where mob and dignitaries sit.<br />
Others are keen to drench themselves in blood,<br />
Their brothers’ blood, and, exiled, change their homes<br />
And winsome hearths, to range abroad for room<br />
To live in, underneath a foreign sun.</p>
<p><em>[Sollicitant alii remis freta caeca ruuntque<br />
in ferrum, penetrant aulas et limina regum;<br />
hic petit excidiis urbem miserosque Penatis,<br />
ut gemma bibat et Sarrano dormiat ostro;<br />
condit opes alius defossoque incubat auro;<br />
hic stupet attonitus rostris; hunc plausus hiantem<br />
per cuneos &#8212; geminatus enim plebisque patrumque &#8212;<br />
corripuit; gaudent perfusi sanguine fratrum,<br />
exsilioque domos et dulcia limina mutant<br />
atque alio patriam quaerunt sub sole iacentem.]</em></p>
<br><b>Virgil</b> (70-19 BC) Roman poet [b. Publius Vergilius Maro; also Vergil]<br><i>Georgics [Georgica]</i>, Book 2, l. 504ff (2.504-513) (29 BC) [tr. Bovie (1956)] 
									<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href="https://archive.org/details/virgilsgeorgics0000unse/page/52/mode/2up?q=%22others+lash%22" target="_blank">Source</a>)
										<br><br><span class="cite">
						

Virgil contrasting violent, ambitious, vain, and rootless life of city folk (evoking the Roman civil wars), in contrast to the bucolic peace and sense of home enjoyed by farmers.<br><br>

(<a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0059%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D475#:~:text=sollicitant%20alii%20remis,sole%20iacentem.">Source (Latin)</a>). Alternate translations:<br><br>




<blockquote>Some vex the Sea, and some to war resorts,<br>
<span class="tab">Attend on Kings, and waite in Princes Courts.<br>
This would his Countrey, and his <i>God</i> betray<br>
<span class="tab">To drink in Jems, and on proud scarlet lye.<br>
This hides his wealth, and broods on hidden gold,<br>
<span class="tab">This loves to plead, and that to be extold<br>
Through all the seats of Commons, and the sires.<br>
<span class="tab">To bathe in's brothers blood this man desires.<br>
Some banish'd, must their native seats exchange,<br>
<span class="tab">And Countries, under other Climates range.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A65106.0001.001/1:5.2?rgn=div2;view=fulltext#:~:text=Some%20vex%20the,other%20Climates%20range.">Ogilby</a> (1649)]</blockquote><br>






<blockquote>Some to the Seas, and some to Camps resort, ⁠<br>
<span class="tab">And some with Impudence invade the Court.<br>
In foreign Countries others seek Renown,<br>
<span class="tab">With Wars and Taxes others waste their own.<br>
And Houses burn, and household Gods deface,<br>
<span class="tab">To drink in Bowls which glitt'ring Gems enchase: <br>⁠
To loll on Couches, rich with Cytron Steds,<br>
<span class="tab">And lay their guilty Limbs in Tyrian Beds.<br>
This Wretch in Earth intombs his Golden Ore,<br>
<span class="tab">Hov'ring and brooding on his bury'd Store.<br>
Some Patriot Fools to pop'lar Praise aspire, ⁠<br>
<span class="tab">By Publick Speeches, which worse Fools admire.<br>
While from both Benches, with redoubl'd Sounds,<br>
<span class="tab">Th' Applause of Lords and Commoners abounds.<br>
Some through Ambition, or thro' Thirst of Gold;<br>
<span class="tab">Have slain their Brothers, or their Country sold: ⁠<br>
And leaving their sweet Homes, in Exile run<br>
<span class="tab">To Lands that lye beneath another Sun.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Works_of_Virgil_(Dryden)/Georgics_(Dryden)/Book_2#:~:text=Some%20to%20the,beneath%20another%20Sun.">Dryden</a> (1709), l. 720ff] </blockquote><br>






<blockquote>Some rush to battle, vex with oars the deep, <br>      
<span class="tab">Or in the courts of Kings insidious creep;<br>
For cups of gem, and quilts of Tyrian, die,<br>
<span class="tab">Others remorseless loose each public tie:<br>
On hoarded treasures these ecstatic gaze,<br>
<span class="tab">Those eye the Rostra, stupid with amaze:   <br>   
This for the theatre's applauding roar<br>
<span class="tab">Sighs: with the blood of brothers sprinkled o'er<br>
From their dear homes to exile others run,<br>
<span class="tab">And seek new seats beneath a distant sun.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Georgics_(Nevile)/Book_2#:~:text=Some%20rush%20to,a%20distant%20sun.">Nevile</a> (1767), l. 565ff]</blockquote><br>



 


<blockquote>Some vex with restless oar wild seas unknown. <br>
<span class="tab">Some rush on death, or cringe around the throne; <br>
Stern warriors here beneath their footsteps tread <br>
<span class="tab">The realm that rear'd them, and the hearth that fed, <br>
To quaff from gems, and lull to transient rest <br>
<span class="tab">The wound that bleeds beneath the Tyrian vest. <br>
These brood with sleepless gaze o'er buried gold, <br>
<span class="tab">The rostrum these with raptur'd trance behold, <br>
Or wonder when repeated plaudits raise <br>
<span class="tab">'Mid peopled theatres the shout of praise;<br>
These with grim joy, by civil discord led,<br>
<span class="tab">And stain'd in battles where a brother bled.<br>
From their sweet household hearth in exile roam,<br>
<span class="tab">And seek beneath new suns a foreign home.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/georgicsofvirgil00virg/page/n71/mode/2up?q=%22some+vex%22">Sotheby</a> (1800)]</blockquote><br>






<blockquote>Some vex the dangerous seas with oars, some rush into arms, some work their way into courts, and the palaces of kings. One destines a city and wretched families to destruction, that he may drink in gems and sleep on Tyrian purple. Another hoards up wealth, and broods over buried gold. One, astonished at the rostrum, grows giddy; another peals of applause along the rows, (for it is redoubled both by the people and the fathers,) have captivated, and set agape; some rejoice when stained with their brother's blood; and exchange their homes and sweet thresholds for exile, and seek a country lying under another sun.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Works_of_Virgil/GuFCAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22vex%20the%20dangerous%22">Davidson</a> (1854)]</blockquote><br>





<blockquote>While others vex dark Hellespont with oars, <br>
<span class="tab">Leap on the sword, or dash through royal stores, <br>
Storm towns and homesteads, in their vile desire<br>
<span class="tab">To quaff from pearl, and sleep on tints of Tyre;<br>
While others hoard and brood on buried dross,<br>
<span class="tab">And some are moonstruck at the pleader's gloss;<br>
While this man gapes along the pit, to hear<br>
<span class="tab">The mob and senators renew their cheer;<br>
And others, reeking in fraternal gore,<br>
<span class="tab">With songs of triumph quit their native shore,<br>
Abjure sweet home for banishment, and run<br>
<span class="tab">In quest of country 'neath another sun --<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Georgics_of_Virgil/q3MQAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22vex%20dark%22">Blackmore</a> (1871), l. 602ff]</blockquote><br>






<blockquote>Others are startling the darkness of the deep with oars, rushing on the sword's pint, winning their way into the courts and ante-chambers of kings; another is dooming a city to ruin and its homes to misery, that he may drink from jewelled cups and sleep on Tyrian purple; another hoards his wealth, and broods o'er buried gold; this man is dazzled and amazed by the eloquence of the rostra; that man the applause of commoners and senators, as it rolls redoubled through the benches, transports agape with wonder; they steep their hands in brothers' blood and joy, they change their homes and the thresholds of affection for the land of exile, and seek a fatherland that lies beneath another sun.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Literal_Translation_of_the_Eclogues_an/ZghPAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22deep%20with%20oars%22">Wilkins</a> (1873)]</blockquote><br>






<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">Others vex<br>
The darksome gulfs of Ocean with their oars,<br>
Or rush on steel: they press within the courts<br>
And doors of princes; one with havoc falls<br>
Upon a city and its hapless hearths,<br>
From gems to drink, on Tyrian rugs to lie;<br>
This hoards his wealth and broods o'er buried gold;<br>
One at the rostra stares in blank amaze;<br>
One gaping sits transported by the cheers,<br>
The answering cheers of plebs and senate rolled<br>
Along the benches: bathed in brothers' blood<br>
Men revel, and, all delights of hearth and home<br>
For exile changing, a new country seek<br>
Beneath an alien sun.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0058%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D475#:~:text=Others%20vex%0AThe,an%20alien%20sun.">Rhoades</a> (1881)] </blockquote><br>





<blockquote>These dare the ocean, and invite the storm,<br>
<span class="tab">This rage, and this the courtier’s wiles deform; <br>
All faith, all right the traitor’s acts defy,<br>
<span class="tab">From gems to drink, on Tyrian purple lie;<br>
One broods in misery o’er his hoarded gold.<br>
<span class="tab">And one in chains the people’s plaudits hold.<br>
There stains of blood pollute a brother’s hand,<br>
<span class="tab">And he in terror flies his father’s land.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.18134/page/n105/mode/2up?q=%22These+dare+the+ocean%22">King</a> (1882), l. 514ff]</blockquote><br>






<blockquote>Some vex the dangerous seas with oars, or rush into arms, or work their way into courts and the palaces of kings: one marks out a city and its wretched homes for destruction, that he may drink from jewelled cups and sleep on Tyrian purple. Another hoards up wealth, and lies sleepless on his buried gold. One, in bewildered amazement, gazes at the Rostra; another, in open-mouthed delight, the plaudits of the commons and the nobles, redoubled along benches, have arrested: some take pleasure in being drenched with a brother’s blood; and exchange their homes and dear thresholds for exile, and seek a country lying under another sun. <br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/bucolicsgeorgics0000aham/page/94/mode/2up?q=%22some+vex%22">Bryce</a> (1897)]</blockquote><br>






<blockquote>Others vex blind sea-ways with their oars, or rush upon the sword, pierce the courts and chambers of kings; one aims destruction at the city and her wretched homes, that he may drink from gems and sleep on Tyrian scarlet; another heaps up wealth and broods over buried gold; one hangs rapt in amaze before the Rostra; one the applause of populace and senate re-echoing again over the theatre carries open-mouthed away: joyfully they steep themselves in blood of their brethren, and exchange for exile the dear thresholds of their homes, and seek a country spread under an alien sun.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eclogues_and_Georgics_(Mackail_1910)/Georgics_2#:~:text=Others%20vex%20blind,an%20alien%20sun.">Mackail</a> (1899)]</blockquote><br>






<blockquote>Others may tempt with oars the printless sea, may fling<br>
<span class="tab">Their lives to the sword, may press through portals and halls of a king.<br>
This traitor hath ruined his country, hath blasted her homes, thereby<br>
<span class="tab">To drink from a jewelled chalice, on Orient purple to lie;<br>
That fool hoards up his wealth, and broods o'er his buried gold;<br>
<span class="tab">That simple-one gazes rapt on the rostra: the loud cheers rolled<br>
Down the theatre-seats, as Fathers and people acclaiming stood,<br>
<span class="tab">Have entranced yon man; men drench them with joy in their brethren's blood;<br>
Into exile from home and its sweet, sweet threshold some have gone<br>
<span class="tab">Seeking a country that lieth beneath an alien sun.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Georgics_of_Virgil_in_English_Verse/tYFgMng6wfMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Others%20may%20tempt%22">Way</a> (1912), l. 503ff]</blockquote><br>






<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">Let strangers to such peace<br>
Trouble with oars the boundless seas or fly<br>
To wars, and plunder palaces of kings;<br>
Make desolate whole cities, casting down<br>
Their harmless gods and altars, that one's wine<br>
May from carved rubies gush, and slumbering head<br>
On Tyrian pillow lie. A man here hoards<br>
His riches, dreaming of his buried gold;<br>
Another on the rostrum's flattered pride<br>
Stares awe-struck. Him th' applause of multitudes.<br>
People and senators, when echoed shouts<br>
Ring through the house approving, quite enslaves.<br>
With civil slaughter and fraternal blood<br>
One day such reek exultant, on the next<br>
Lose evermore the long-loved hearth and home.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/georgicsandeclo01palmgoog/page/n74/mode/2up?q=%22Trouble+with+oars%22">Williams</a> (1915)]</blockquote><br>





<blockquote>Others brave with oars seas unknown, dash upon the sword, or press their way into courts and the chambers of kings. One wreaks ruin on a city and its wretched homes, and all to drink from a jewelled cup and sleep on Tyrian purple; another hoards wealth and gloats over buried gold; one stares in admiration at the rostra; another, open-mouthed, is carried away by the applause of high and low which rolls again and again along the benches. They steep themselves in their brothers’ blood and glory in it; they barter their sweet homes and hearths for exile and seek a country that lies beneath an alien sun.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.theoi.com/Text/VirgilGeorgics1.html#2:~:text=Other%20brave%20with,an%20alien%20sun.">Fairclough</a> (Loeb) (1916)]</blockquote><br>






<blockquote>Other men dare the sea with their oars blindly, or dash <br>
On the sword, or insinuate themselves into royal courts: <br>
One ruins a whole town and the tenements of the poor <br>
In his lust for jewelled cups, for scarlet linen to sleep on, <br>
One piles up great wealth, gloats over his cache of gold; <br>
One gawps at the public speakers; one is worked up to hysteria <br>
By the plaudits of senate and people resounding across the benches: <br>
These shed their brothers’ blood <br>
Merrily, they barter for exile their homes beloved <br>
And leave for countries lying under an alien sun.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/georgicsofvirgil0000cday/page/38/mode/2up?q=%22other+men+dare%22">Day-Lewis</a> (1940)]</blockquote><br>





<blockquote>Others churn blind straits with their oars, and rush to the sword, force their way across the thresholds and into the courts of kings; [...] They rejoice, soaked in their brothers’ blood, exchange their own sweet thresholds for exile and seek a fatherland under another sun.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/virgilsgeorgicsn0000mile/page/156/mode/2up?q=%22others+churn+blind%22">Miles</a> (1980)]</blockquote><br>






<blockquote>Some vex with oars uncharted waters, some<br>
Rush on cold steel, some seek to worm their way<br>
Into the courts of kings. One is prepared <br>
To plunge a city's homes in misery<br>
All for a jewelled cup and a crimson bedspread;<br>
Another broods on a buried hoard of gold.<br>
This one is awestruck by the platform's thunder;<br>
That one, enraptured, gapes ad the waves of applause<br>
from high and low rolling across the theater.<br>
Men revel steeped in brothers' blood, exchange<br>
The hearth they love for banishment, and seek<br>
A home in lands benath an alien sun.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/georgics00virg/page/92/mode/2up?q=%22vex+with+oars%22">Wilkinson</a> (1982)]</blockquote><br>






<blockquote>Others trouble unknown seas with oars, rush on<br>
their swords, enter the gates and courts of kings.<br>
This man destroys a city and its wretched houses,<br>
to drink from a jewelled cup, and sleep on Tyrian purple:<br>
that one heaps up wealth, and broods about buried gold:<br>
one’s stupefied, astonished by the Rostra: another, gapes,<br>
entranced by repeated applause, from people and princes,<br>
along the benches: men delight in steeping themselves<br>
in their brothers’ blood, changing sweet home and hearth for exile,<br>
and seeking a country that lies under an alien sun.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/VirgilGeorgicsII.php#anchor_Toc533843195:~:text=Others%20trouble%20unknown,an%20alien%20sun.">Kline</a> (2001)]</blockquote><br>






<blockquote>Others slap their oars on dark, unknown seas, fall on their swords,<br>
or thrust themselves into royal courts and palaces.<br>
One man aims to destroy a city and its humble homes -- just<br>
to drink from a jeweled goblet and sleep on Tyrian purple;<br>
another stores up treasures and broods on his buried gold.<br>
Wide-eyed, one gawks at the forum's speakers; another, <br>
mouth agape, is swept away when lower class and upper both<br>
applaud a statesman. Dripping with their brothers' gore,<br>
they exult, exchanging familiar homes and hearths for exile,<br>
they seek a fatherland that lies beneath a foreign sun.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/virgilsgeorgicsn0000virg_i3n1/page/38/mode/2up?q=%22slap+their+oars%22">Lembke</a> (2004)]</blockquote><br>





<blockquote>Others fret with oars uncharted seas, or rush <br>
upon the sword, or infiltrate the courts and vestibules of kings. <br>
One visits devastation on a city and its wretched hearths <br>
that he may slurp from a jewelled cup and snore on Tyrian purple.<br>
Another hoards treasure and broods over buried gold. <br>
One wonders thunderstruck at the podium, one gapes <br>
transported by the applause of senators and commonfolk<br>
resounding through the galleries. Drenched in their brothers' blood<br>
they exult, and trade exile for their homes and sweet porches,<br>
and seek a homeland under an alien sun.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/georgicspoemofla0000virg/page/68/mode/2up?q=%22fret+with+oars%22">Johnson</a> (2009)]</blockquote><br>






<blockquote>There are those who with their oars disturb the waters<br>
Of dangerous unknown seas, and those who rush<br>
Against the sword, and those who insinuate<br>
Their way into the chamber of a king:<br>
There's one who brings down ruin on a city <br>
And all its wretched households, in his desire<br>
To drink from an ornate cup and go to sleep<br>
On Tyrian purple coverlets at night;<br>
There's the man who heaps up gold, and hides it away,<br>
There's he who stares up stupefied at the Rostrum;<br>
There's the open-mouthed, undone astonishment<br>
Of the one who hears the waves and waves of the wild<br>
Applause of the close packed crowd in the theater;<br>
There are those who bathe in their brothers' blood, rejoicing;<br>
And those who give up house and home for exile,<br>
Seeking a land an alien sun shines on.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Georgics_of_Virgil/HTbFCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22oars%20disturb%22">Ferry</a> (2015)]</blockquote><br>




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                <!-- DCH Modify the title to give the category (quote author) at the beginning of it. -->
		<title>Dante Alighieri -- The Divine Comedy [Divina Commedia], Book 1 &#8220;Inferno,&#8221; Canto  3, l.  34ff (3.34-42) [Virgil] (1309) [tr. Binyon (1943)]</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/dante-alighieri-poet/399/</link>
		<comments>https://wist.info/dante-alighieri-poet/399/#respond</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Feb 2004 16:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Dante Alighieri]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[amorality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cowardice]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[disloyalty]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[exile]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[inaction]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[lukewarm]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[neutrality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pusillanimity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[self-interest]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[separation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[shunning]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[timidity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[uncommitted]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[These miserable ways The forlorn spirits endure of those who spent Life without infamy and without praise. They are mingled with that caitiff rabblement Of the angels, who rebelled not, yet avowed To God no loyalty, on themselves intent. Heaven chased them forth, lest, being there, they cloud Its beauty, and the deep Hell refuses [&#8230;]]]></description>
        <!-- DCH Insert author info (category description) then (Source) and then put the extra info (MORE) below that. -->
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span class="tab"><span class="tab">These miserable ways<br />
<span class="tab">The forlorn spirits endure of those who spent<br />
<span class="tab">Life without infamy and without praise.<br />
They are mingled with that caitiff rabblement<br />
<span class="tab">Of the angels, who rebelled not, yet avowed<br />
<span class="tab">To God no loyalty, on themselves intent.<br />
Heaven chased them forth, lest, being there, they cloud<br />
<span class="tab">Its beauty, and the deep Hell refuses them,<br />
<span class="tab">For, beside these, the wicked might be proud.</p>
<p><em><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">[Questo misero modo<br />
<span class="tab">tegnon l’anime triste di coloro<br />
<span class="tab">che visser sanza ’nfamia e sanza lodo.<br />
Mischiate sono a quel cattivo coro<br />
<span class="tab">de li angeli che non furon ribelli<br />
<span class="tab">né fur fedeli a Dio, ma per sé fuoro.<br />
Caccianli i ciel per non esser men belli,<br />
<span class="tab">né lo profondo inferno li riceve,<br />
<span class="tab">ch’alcuna gloria i rei avrebber d’elli.]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<br><b>Dante Alighieri</b> (1265-1321) Italian poet<br><i>The Divine Comedy [Divina Commedia]</i>, Book 1 <i>&#8220;Inferno,&#8221;</i> Canto  3, l.  34ff (3.34-42) [Virgil] (1309) [tr. Binyon (1943)] 
									<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href="https://archive.org/details/portabledante00dant/page/14/mode/2up?q=%22miserable+ways%22" target="_blank">Source</a>)
										<br><br><span class="cite">
						

This passage is likely the basis for John F. Kennedy's famous paraphrase, which he credited to Dante:<br><br>

<blockquote>The hottest places in hell are reserved for those who in a period of moral crisis maintain their neutrality.</blockquote><br>

That was originally written (and ascribed to Dante) by Henry Powell Spring in 1944. JFK used it multiple times, including in a speech as President in Germany a few days before his famous "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech. (More info on this paraphrase <a href="https://quoteinvestigator.com/2015/01/14/hottest/">here</a>.)<br><br>

Dante (and, thus, Dante's cosmos) judges based on action. Thus he ranks those who would not act, pusillanimous neutrals both earthly and heavenly, as worse than even those who have acted for evil ends, and the first whose punishment we get to see. Though they committed no evil acts, they also failed to commit good ones, allowing evil to flourish. Even the tortured denizens of Hell would consider themselves their betters, thus their not being allowed in that infernal realm. Rejecting Heaven and Hell, they are blocked from either. While undergoing some corporal punishment, far worse is that, having stood only for themselves, they are robbed of their identity, nameless for all eternity (ll. 46-51).<br><br>

Compare this sentiment to Revelation 3:15-16:<br><br>

<blockquote>I know thy works, that thou art neither cold nor hot: I would thou wert cold or hot. So then because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out of my mouth.</blockquote><br>

(<a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Divina_Commedia/Inferno/Canto_III#:~:text=Questo%20misero%20modo,rei%20avrebber%20d%E2%80%99elli">Source (Italian)</a>). Alternate translations:<br><br>

<blockquote>These doleful Beings, he reply'd, have liv'd<br>
In Indolence, without or blame or praise.<br>
Angels are mix'd with this unhappy band,<br>
Who neither Rebels, nor yet faithful were<br>
To God, but liv'd sequestered by themselves.<br>
These Heavn' discarded for being too remiss,<br>
Nor did e'en Hell this lukewarm herd receive;<br>
That Favour might not to the damnn'd be shewn.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Inferno_of_Dante_Translated/1ARcAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22doleful%20Beings%22">Rogers</a> (1782), ll. 30-37]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote>Behold th' ignoble sons of sloth and shame,<br>
Who scorn'd alike the voice of praise and blame,<br>
<span class="tab">Nor dreaded punishment, nor sought reward.<br>
Mingled they march with that degen'rate brood,<br>
Who when the Rebel of the sky withstood<br>
<span class="tab">His sov'reign Lord, aloof their squadrons held:<br>
Viewing with selfish eye the fierce debate,<br>
Till, from the confines of the heav'nly state,<br>
<span class="tab">Trembling they saw the rebel host expell'd.<br>
Nor bore the victor-Lord the alien race,<br>
But straight, the foul pollution to efface,<br>
<span class="tab">Hurl'd them indignant from the bounds of light:<br>
This frontier then the dastard crew receiv'd,<br>
Nor deeply damn'd, altho' of bliss bereav'd,<br>
<span class="tab">And doom'd to wander on the verge of night';<br>
They suffer here, lest yon' more guilty train<br>
of crimes unequal, doom'd to equal pain,<br>
<span class="tab">Blaspheming Heavn'n, should make their impious boast.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/divinacommediaof01dantuoft/page/110/mode/2up?q=%22floth+and+fhame%22">Boyd</a> (1802), st. 8-11] </blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">This miserable fate<br>
<span class="tab">Suffer the wretched souls of those, who liv'd<br>
<span class="tab">Without or praise or blame, with that ill band<br>
Of angels mix'd, who nor rebellious prov'd<br>
<span class="tab">Nor yet were true to God, but for themselves<br>
<span class="tab">Were only.  From his bounds Heaven drove them forth,<br>
Not to impair his lustre, nor the depth<br>
<span class="tab">Of Hell receives them, lest th' accursed tribe<br>
<span class="tab">Should glory thence with exultation vain.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/8789/8789-h/8789-h.htm#link3:~:text=He%20thus%20to,with%20exultation%20vain.%22">Cary</a> (1814)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">The miserable crew <br>
<span class="tab">Of souls now lingers in this piteous mood,<br>
<span class="tab">To whom, alive, nor blame nor praise was due.<br>
Commingled are they with that caitiff brood <br>
<span class="tab">Of angel natures, which nor dared rebel, <br>
<span class="tab">Nor yet kept faith, but selfish ends pursued.<br>
Them, not to be less fair, must heaven expel, <br>
<span class="tab">Nor the abyss receive, lest their dispraise <br>
<span class="tab">Redound for glory to the sons of hell.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/infernodanteali02daymgoog/page/n24/mode/2up?q=%22miserable+crew%22">Dayman</a> (1843)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab">This miserable mode the dreary souls of those sustain, who lived without blame, and without praise.<br>
<span class="tab">They are mixed with that caitiff choire of the angels, who were not rebellious nor were faithful to God; but were for themselves.<br>
<span class="tab">Heaven chased them forth to keep its beauty from impair; and deep Hell receives them not, for the wicked wouild have some glory over them.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Inferno/WqpEAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22miserable%20mode%22">Carlyle</a> (1849)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">This miserable lot<br>
<span class="tab">Possess the souls of those whose living days<br>
<span class="tab">Passed not with infamy, nor yet with praise.<br>
Immingled they are in the caitiff choir<br>
<span class="tab">Of neutral angels, for themselves that stood -- <br>
<span class="tab">Neither rebelled nor loyal were to God.<br>
The heavens have chased them, for they'd sully heaven --<br>
<span class="tab">The infernal depths receive them not, because<br>
<span class="tab">No glory can the wicked have by those.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/comedyofdanteal00dant/page/10/mode/2up?q=%22miserable+lot%22">Bannerman</a> (1850)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">This state of misery is held<br>
<span class="tab">By the sad spirits of those, who in their lives<br>
<span class="tab">Knew neither act of infamy nor praise.<br>
And they are mingl'd with the wicked choir<br>
<span class="tab">Of Angels who, not rebels to their God,<br>
<span class="tab">Were yet not faithful, knowing but themselves;<br>
Cast forth that Heav'n's pure beauty be not stain'd,<br>
<span class="tab">nto Hell's gloomy depths permitted not<br>
<span class="tab">Lest they be cause of glory to the lost.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Translation_of_Dante_s_Inferno/dzvcz2MMLLMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22state%20of%20misery%22">Johnston</a> (1867)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">This miserable mode<br>
<span class="tab">⁠Maintain the melancholy souls of those<br>
⁠<span class="tab">Who lived withouten infamy or praise.<br>
Commingled are they with that caitiff choir<br>
<span class="tab">⁠Of Angels, who have not rebellious been,<br>
<span class="tab">⁠Nor faithful were to God, but were for self.<br>
The heavens expelled them, not to be less fair;<br>
<span class="tab">⁠Nor them the nethermore abyss receives,<br>
<span class="tab">⁠For glory none the damned would have from them.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy_(Longfellow_1867)/Volume_1/Canto_3#:~:text=And%20he%20to%20me%3A%20%22This,damned%20would%20have%20from%20them.%22">Longfellow</a> (1867)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote>This wretched fashion keep the sorry souls of those who lived without infamy and without praise. They are mingled with that caitiff band of the angels who were not rebel, nor were faithful to God, but were for themselves. Heaven chased them, that it should not be less fair, nor does the deep hell receive them, since the damned would have some boasting of them.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.92729/page/30/mode/2up?q=%22wretched+fashion%22">Butler</a> (1885)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">After this fashion drear<br>
<span class="tab">These wretched souls their after-life pursue<br>
<span class="tab">Who both from infamy and praise lived clear. <br>
Mingled they are with that contemptible crew<br>
<span class="tab">Of angels who would not rebellion dare,<br>
<span class="tab">Not faithful Godwards, to themselves but true. <br>
Heaven drove them out, lest it might be less fair, <br>
<span class="tab">Neither received them deepest Hell's domain, <br>
<span class="tab">That from them, evil should no glory share.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/divinecomedyofda00dantrich/page/10/mode/2up?q=%22fashion+drear%22">Minchin</a> (1885)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote>This miserable measure the wretched souls maintain of those who lived without infamy and without praise. Mingled are they with that caitiff choir of the angels, who were not rebels, nor were faithful to God, but were for themselves. The heavens chased them out in order to be not less beautiful, nor doth the depth of Hell receive them, because the damned would have some glory from them.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1995/1995-h/1995-h.htm#cantoI.III:~:text=And%20he%20to%20me%2C%20%E2%80%9CThis,have%20some%20glory%20from%20them.%E2%80%9D">Norton</a> (1892)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote>Such hapless state the joyless souls of those sustain, who lived their lives untouched by either infamy or praise. They are huddled together with that base crew of angels who rose not in revolt, nor kept their faith with God, but were for self alone. Heaven drave them out that its brightness might remain undimmed; nor doth the depth of Hell receive them, for the damned would glory over them.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/comedydantealig00sullgoog/page/n28/mode/2up?q=%22such+hapless+state%22">Sullivan</a> (1893)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">This miserable condition <br>
<span class="tab">Keeps the sad souls of those who in their lifetime <br>
<span class="tab">Were without infamy and without praises; <br>
Commingled are they with that caitiff chorus <br>
<span class="tab">Of angels who aforetime were not rebels. <br>
<span class="tab">Nor faithful were to God, but stood as neutral. <br>
Heaven drave them forth lest they should mar its beauty;<br>
<span class="tab">Nor doth the lower depth of hell receive them, <br>
<span class="tab">Since that from them the damned would gain some glory.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/infernodanteali00grifgoog/page/n28/mode/2up?q=%22miserable+condition%22">Griffith</a> (1908)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote>This miserable state is borne by the wretched souls of those who lived without disgrace and without praise. They are mixed with that caitiff choir of the angels who were not rebels, nor faithful to God, but were for themselves. The heavens drove them forth, not to be less fair, and the depth of Hell does not receive them, lest the wicked have some glory over them.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Divine_Comedy/7I7_cvKw8xkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22this%20miserable%20state%22">Sinclair</a> (1939)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">This dismal company<br>
<span class="tab">Of wretched spirits thus find their guerdon due<br>
<span class="tab">Whose lives knew neither praise nor infamy;<br>
They're mingled with that caitiff angel-crew<br>
<span class="tab">Who against God rebelled not, nor to Him<br>
<span class="tab">Were faithful, but to self alone were true;<br>
Heaven cast them forth -- their presence there would dim<br>
<span class="tab">The light; deep Hell rejects so base a herd,<br>
<span class="tab">Lest sin should boast itself because of them.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/divinecomedy00peng/page/86/mode/2up?q=%22dismal+company%22">Sayers</a> (1949)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">These are the nearly soulless<br>
<span class="tab">whose lives concluded neither blame nor praise.<br>
They are mixed here with that despicable corps<br>
<span class="tab">of angels who were neither for God nor Satan,<br>
<span class="tab">but only for themselves. The High Creator<br>
scourged them from Heaven for its perfect beauty,<br>
<span class="tab">and Hell will not receive them since the wicked<br>
<span class="tab">might feel some glory over them.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/infernoverserend00dantrich/page/42/mode/2up?q=%22nearly+soulless%22">Ciardi</a> (1954), ll. 32-39] </blockquote><br>

<blockquote>Such is the miserable condition of the sorry souls of those who lived without infamy and without praise. They are mingled with that base band of angels who were neither rebellious nor faithful to God, but stood apart. The heavens drive them out, so as not to be less beautiful; and deep Hell does not receive them, lest the wicked have some glory over them.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/inferno0000dant/page/n37/mode/2up?q=%22sorry+souls%22">Singleton</a> (1970)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">This wretched state of being<br>
<span class="tab">is the fate of those sad souls who lived a life<br>
<span class="tab">but lived it with no blame and with no praise.<br>
They are mixed with that repulsive choir of angels<br>
<span class="tab">neither faithful nor unfaithful to their God,<br>
<span class="tab">but undecided in their neutrality.<br>
Heaven, to keep its beauty, cast them out,<br>
<span class="tab">but even hell itself would not receive them<br>
<span class="tab">for fear the wicked there might glory over them.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/dantesinferno00dant/page/20/mode/2up?q=%22wretched+state%22">Musa</a> (1971)] </blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">This miserable way<br>
<span class="tab">is taken by the sorry souls of those<br>
<span class="tab">who lived without disgrace and without praise.<br>
They now commingle with the coward angels,<br>
<span class="tab">the company of those who were not rebels<br>
<span class="tab">nor faithful to their God, but stood apart.<br>
The heavens, that their beauty not be lessened,<br>
<span class="tab">have cast them out, nor will deep Hell receive them --<br>
<span class="tab">even the wicked cannot glory in them.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/lccn_83048678/page/22/mode/2up?q=%22miserable+way%22">Mandelbaum</a> (1980)] </blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab">That is the manner of existence<br>
<span class="tab">Endured by the sad souls of those who lived<br>
<span class="tab">Without occasion for infamy or praise.<br>
They are mixed with that abject squadron of angels<br>
<span class="tab">Who did not think it worth their while to rebel<br>
<span class="tab">Or to be faithful to God, but were for themselves.<br>
Heaven chased them out, so as not to become less beautiful,<br>
<span class="tab">And the depths of hell also rejected them,<br>
<span class="tab">Lest the evil might find occasion to glory over them.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/divinecomedy0000dant/page/56/mode/2up?q=%22manner+of+existence%22">Sisson</a> (1981)] </blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab">This is the sorrowful state of souls unsure,<br>
Whose lives earned neither honor nor bad fame.<br>
<span class="tab">And they are mingled with angels of that base sort<br>
<span class="tab">Who, neither rebellious to God nor faithful to Him,<br>
Chose neither side, but kept themselves apart --<br>
<span class="tab">Now Heaven expels them, not to mar its splendor,<br>
<span class="tab">And Hell rejects them, lest the wicked of heart<br>
Take glory over them.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/infernoofdantene00dant/page/18/mode/2up?q=%22souls+unsure%22">Pinsky</a> (1994), ll. 30-37]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab">This wretched measure is kept by the miserable souls who lived without infamy and without praise.<br>
<span class="tab">They are mixed with that cowardly chorus of angels who were not rebels yet were not faithful to God, but were for themselves.<br>
<span class="tab">The heavens reject them so as not to be less beautiful, nor does deep Hell receive them, for the wicked would have some glory over them.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/divinecomedyofda0001dant_u1l7/page/56/mode/2up?q=%22wretched+measure%22">Durling</a> (1996)] </blockquote><br>

<blockquote>This is the miserable mode in which those exist, who lived without praise, without blame. They are mixed in with the despised choir of angels, those not rebellious, not faithful to God, but for themselves. Heaven drove them out, to maintain its beauty, and deep Hell does not accept them, lest the evil have glory over them.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Italian/DantInf1to7.php#anchor_Toc64090919:~:text=This%20is%20the,glory%20over%20them.">Kline</a> (2002)]</blockquote><br>



<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">This awful habitat is given <br>
<span class="tab">over to the "so-so souls" who, when they lived, <br>
<span class="tab">were neither cold nor hot.<br>
They share this region with a retinue <br>
<span class="tab">of neutral angels, those who neither were for God <br>
<span class="tab">nor Satan, but for you-know-who.<br>
To keep its reputation from impair, <br>
<span class="tab">Heaven expelled them; they were barred from Hell,<br>
<span class="tab">in case in case the wicked thought themselves more fair."<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Inferno_of_Dante_Alighieri/B8DHyhZK8ZQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22awful%20habitat%22">Carson</a> (2002)]</blockquote><br>




<blockquote>This baleful condition is one, he said<br>
<span class="tab">that grips those souls whose lives, contemptibly,<br>
<span class="tab">were void alike of honor and ill fame.<br>
These all co-mingle with a noisome choir<br>
<span class="tab">of angels who -- not rebels, yet not true<br>
<span class="tab">to God -- existed for themselves alone.<br>
To keep their beauty whole, the Heavens spurned them.<br>
<span class="tab">Nor would the depths of Hell receive them in,<br>
<span class="tab">lest truly wicked souls boast over them.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/divinecomedy0000dant_l7y1/page/12/mode/2up?q=%22baleful+condition%22">Kirkpatrick</a> (2006)] </blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">This miserable state is borne<br>
<span class="tab">by the wretched souls of those who lived<br>
<span class="tab">without disgrace yet without praise.<br>
They intermingle with that wicked band<br>
<span class="tab">of angels, not rebellious and not faithful<br>
<span class="tab">to God, who held themselves apart.<br>
Loath to impair its beauty, Heaven casts them out,<br>
<span class="tab">and the depth of Hell does not receive them<br>
<span class="tab">lest on their account the evil angels gloat.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://dante.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/dante/campuscgi/mpb/GetCantoSection.pl?LANG=2&INP_POEM=Inf&INP_SECT=3&INP_START=34&INP_LEN=9">Hollander/Hollander</a> (2007)] </blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">This is how the vilest,<br>
<span class="tab">Sorriest souls have lived their lives,<br>
<span class="tab">Neither disgraced nor ever once admired.<br>
Mixed among them are souls thrown from on high,<br>
<span class="tab">Angels who neither joined the Devil's rebellion<br>
<span class="tab">Nor stood with God. They simply stayed to the side.<br>
Heaven rejected them as ugly, and Hell<br>
<span class="tab">Refused to let them in its deeper parts,<br>
<span class="tab">Outshining demons if the Devil let them dwell there.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Divine_Comedy/WZyBj-s9PfsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22how%20the%20vilest%22">Raffel</a> (2010)] </blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">Their pride to have no prejudice,<br>
Seeking no praise for fear of taking blame,<br>
They were for nothing, nor were they against:<br>
They made no waves and so they made no name.<br>
Now their neutrality is recompense,<br>
For here there is no cautious holding back:<br>
Voices once circumspect are now incensed<br>
And raise to make each other's eardrums crack<br>
Thus they are joined to that self-seeking squad<br>
Of angels fitted neither to rebel<br>
Against, nor put their heartfelt faith in, God --<br>
Hunted from Heaven and locked out of Hell<br>
Because the perfect sky would brook no blur,<br>
And in the lower depths the rebels prized<br>
The glory won from being what they were,<br>
Not the nonentities that they despised.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/inferno0000dant_y2l4/page/14/mode/2up?q=%22have+no+prejudice%22">James</a> (2013), ll. 44-59]</blockquote><br>
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