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		<title>Montesquieu -- Spirit of Laws [The Spirit of the Laws; De l’esprit des lois], Book  6, ch.  2 (6.2) (1748) [tr. Stewart (2018)]</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/montesquieu/83371/</link>
		<comments>https://wist.info/montesquieu/83371/#respond</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2026 23:22:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Montesquieu]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[autocracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[democracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[despotism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[equality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[government]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[human life]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[monarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[popular government]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[republic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tyranny]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Men are all equal in a republican government, and they are equal in a despotic government: in the first, because they are everything, in the second, because they are nothing. [Les hommes sont tous égaux dans le gouvernement républicain; ils sont égaux dans le gouvernement despotique: dans le premier, c’est parce qu’ils sont tout; dans [&#8230;]]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Men are all equal in a republican government, and they are equal in a despotic government: in the first, because they are everything, in the second, because they are nothing.</p>
<p><em>[Les hommes sont tous égaux dans le gouvernement républicain; ils sont égaux dans le gouvernement despotique: dans le premier, c’est parce qu’ils sont tout; dans le second, c’est parce qu’ils ne sont rien.]</em></p>
<br><b>Charles-Lewis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu</b> (1689-1755) French political philosopher<br><i>Spirit of Laws [The Spirit of the Laws; De l’esprit des lois]</i>, Book  6, ch.  2 (6.2) (1748) [tr. Stewart (2018)] 
									<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href="https://montesquieu.ens-lyon.fr/spip.php?article2639#:~:text=Men%20are%20all%20equal%20in%20a%20republican%20government%2C%20and%20they%20are%20equal%20in%20a%20despotic%20government%C2%A0%3A%20in%20the%20first%2C%20because%20they%20are%20everything%2C%20in%20the%20second%2C%20because%20they%20are%20nothing." target="_blank">Source</a>)
										<br><br><span class="cite">
						

(<a href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/De_l%E2%80%99esprit_des_lois_(%C3%A9d._Nourse)/Livre_6#:~:text=Les%20hommes%20sont%20tous%20%C3%A9gaux%20dans%20le%20gouvernement%20r%C3%A9publicain%C2%A0%3B%20ils%20sont%20%C3%A9gaux%20dans%20le%20gouvernement%20despotique%C2%A0%3A%20dans%20le%20premier%2C%20c%E2%80%99est%20parce%20qu%E2%80%99ils%20sont%20tout%C2%A0%3B%20dans%20le%20second%2C%20c%E2%80%99est%20parce%20qu%E2%80%99ils%20ne%20sont%20rien.">Source (French)</a>). Other translations:<br><br>

<blockquote>In republican governments men are all equal; equal they are also in despotic governments: in the former because they are everything, in the latter because they are nothing.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Laws_(1758)/Book_VI#:~:text=In%20republican%20governments%20men%20are%20all%20equal%3B%20equal%20they%20are%20also%20in%20despotic%20governments%3A%20in%20the%20former%20because%20they%20are%20every%20thing%2C%20in%20the%20latter%20because%20they%20are%20nothing.">Nugent</a> (1750)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote>Men are all equal in republican government; they are equal in despotic government; in the former, it is because they are everything; in the latter, it is because they are nothing.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/spiritoflaws0000mont_e9x6/page/74/mode/2up?q=%22men+are+all+equal%22">Cohler/Miller/Stone</a> (1989)] </blockquote><br>						</span>
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                <!-- DCH Modify the title to give the category (quote author) at the beginning of it. -->
		<title>Montesquieu -- Spirit of Laws [The Spirit of the Laws; De l’esprit des lois], Book  3, ch.  3 (3.3) (1748) [tr. Stewart (2018)]</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/montesquieu/83090/</link>
		<comments>https://wist.info/montesquieu/83090/#respond</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 20:26:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Montesquieu]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[above the law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[autocracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[democracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[equal protection under the law]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[monarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[popular government]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[power]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[republic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[subject]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[virtue]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[For it is clear that in a monarchy, where the person who executes the laws holds himself above them, less virtue is required than in a popular government, where the person who executes the laws is aware that he himself is subject to them and that he will feel their weight. [Car il est clair [&#8230;]]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>For it is clear that in a monarchy, where the person who executes the laws holds himself above them, less virtue is required than in a popular government, where the person who executes the laws is aware that he himself is subject to them and that he will feel their weight.</p>
<p><em>[Car il est clair que, dans une monarchie, où celui qui fait exécuter les loix se juge au-dessus des loix, on a besoin de moins de vertu que dans un gouvernement populaire, où celui qui fait exécuter les loix, sent qu’il y est soumis lui-même, &#038; qu’il en portera le poids.]</em></p>
<br><b>Charles-Lewis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu</b> (1689-1755) French political philosopher<br><i>Spirit of Laws [The Spirit of the Laws; De l’esprit des lois]</i>, Book  3, ch.  3 (3.3) (1748) [tr. Stewart (2018)] 
									<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href="https://montesquieu.ens-lyon.fr/spip.php?article2595#:~:text=For%20it%20is%20clear%20that%20in%20a%20monarchy%2C%20where%20the%20person%20who%20executes%20the%20laws%20holds%20himself%20above%20them%2C%20less%20virtue%20is%20required%20than%20in%20a%20popular%20government%2C%20where%20the%20person%20who%20executes%20the%20laws%20is%20aware%20that%20he%20himself%20is%20subject%20to%20them%20and%20that%20he%20will%20feel%20their%20weight." target="_blank">Source</a>)
										<br><br><span class="cite">
						

(<a href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/De_l%E2%80%99esprit_des_lois_(%C3%A9d._Nourse)/Livre_3#:~:text=Car%20il%20est%20clair%20que%2C%20dans%20une%20monarchie%2C%20o%C3%B9%20celui%20qui%20fait%20ex%C3%A9cuter%20les%20loix%20se%20juge%20au%2Ddessus%20des%20loix%2C%20on%20a%20besoin%20de%20moins%20de%20vertu%20que%20dans%20un%20gouvernement%20populaire%2C%20o%C3%B9%20celui%20qui%20fait%20ex%C3%A9cuter%20les%20loix%2C%20sent%20qu%E2%80%99il%20y%20est%20soumis%20lui%2Dm%C3%AAme%2C%20%26%20qu%E2%80%99il%20en%20portera%20le%20poids.">Source (French)</a>). Other translations:<br><br>

<blockquote>For it is clear that in a monarchy, where he who commands the execution of the laws generally thinks himself above them, there is less need of virtue than in a popular government, where the person entrusted with the execution of the laws is sensible of his being subject to their direction.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Laws_(1758)/Book_III#:~:text=For%20it%20is%20clear%20that%20in%20a%20monarchy%2C%20where%20he%20who%20commands%20the%20execution%20of%20the%20laws%20generally%20thinks%20himself%20above%20them%2C%20there%20is%20less%20need%20of%20virtue%20than%20in%20a%20popular%20government%2C%20where%20the%20person%20intrusted%20with%20the%20execution%20of%20the%20laws%2C%20is%20sensible%20of%20his%20being%20subject%20himself%20to%20their%20direction.">Nugent</a> (1750)] </blockquote><br>

<blockquote>For it is clear that less virtue is needed in a monarchy, where the one who sees to the execution of the laws judges himself above the laws, than in a popular government, where the one who sees the execution of the laws feels that he is subject to them himself and that he will bear their weight.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/spiritoflaws0000mont_e9x6/page/22/mode/2up?q=%22needed+in+a+monarchy+where%22">Cohler/Miller/Stone</a> (1989)] </blockquote><br>						</span>
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		<title>Bierce, Ambrose -- &#8220;Ballot,&#8221; &#8220;Devil&#8217;s Dictionary&#8221; column, San Francisco Wasp (1881-04-23)</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/bierce-ambrose/82483/</link>
		<comments>https://wist.info/bierce-ambrose/82483/#respond</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 19:35:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Bierce, Ambrose]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ballot]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[democracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[majority]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[minority]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[popular government]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[popular opinion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tyranny of the majority]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[voting]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[BALLOT, n. A simple device by which a majority proves to a minority the folly of resistance. Many worthy persons of imperfect thinking apparatus believe that majorities govern through some inherent right; and minorities submit, not because they must, but because they ought. Not collected in later books.]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="hangingindent">BALLOT, <em>n.</em> A simple device by which a majority proves to a minority the folly of resistance. Many worthy persons of imperfect thinking apparatus believe that majorities govern through some inherent right; and minorities submit, not because they must, but because they ought.</p>
<p></p>
<br><b>Ambrose Bierce</b> (1842-1914?) American writer and journalist<br>&#8220;Ballot,&#8221; &#8220;Devil&#8217;s Dictionary&#8221; column, San Francisco <i>Wasp</i> (1881-04-23) 
									<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href="https://archive.org/details/unabridgeddevils00bier/page/22/mode/2up?q=%22ballot+7%22" target="_blank">Source</a>)
										<br><br><span class="cite">
						

<a href="https://archive.org/details/unabridgeddevils00bier/page/352/mode/2up?q=%22ballot+bandit%22">Not collected</a> in later books.
						</span>
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                <!-- DCH Modify the title to give the category (quote author) at the beginning of it. -->
		<title>Montesquieu -- Spirit of Laws [The Spirit of the Laws; De l’esprit des lois], Book  3, ch.  3 (3.3) (1748) [tr. Cohler/Miller/Stone (1989)]</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/montesquieu/82282/</link>
		<comments>https://wist.info/montesquieu/82282/#respond</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2026 05:29:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Montesquieu]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[civic virtue]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[democracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[equality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[patriotism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[popular government]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[republic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[virtue]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[There need not be much integrity for a monarchical or despotic government to maintain or sustain itself. The force of the laws in the one, and the prince&#8217;s ever-raised arm in the other, can rule or contain the whole. But in a popular state there must be an additional spring, which is virtue. [Il ne [&#8230;]]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>There need not be much integrity for a monarchical or despotic government to maintain or sustain itself. The force of the laws in the one, and the prince&#8217;s ever-raised arm in the other, can rule or contain the whole. But in a popular state there must be an additional spring, which is <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">virtue. </p>
<p><em>[Il ne faut pas beaucoup de probité, pour qu’un gouvernement monarchique, ou un gouvernement despotique, se maintiennent ou se soutiennent. La force des loix dans l’un, le bras du prince toujours levé dans l’autre, reglent ou contiennent tout. Mais, dans un état populaire, il faut un ressort de plus, qui est la VERTU.]</em></span></p>
<br><b>Charles-Lewis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu</b> (1689-1755) French political philosopher<br><i>Spirit of Laws [The Spirit of the Laws; De l’esprit des lois]</i>, Book  3, ch.  3 (3.3) (1748) [tr. Cohler/Miller/Stone (1989)] 
									<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href="https://archive.org/details/spiritoflaws0000mont_e9x6/page/22/mode/2up?q=%22there+need+not+be%22" target="_blank">Source</a>)
										<br><br><span class="cite">
						

In his Preface, <a href="https://montesquieu.ens-lyon.fr/spip.php?article2615#:~:text=For%20the%20understanding,and%20of%20equality.">Montesquieu clarifies</a>:<br><br>

<blockquote>For the understanding of the first four books of this work, it must be noted that what I call <i>virtue</i> in the republic is love of the homeland, in other words love of equality. It is not a moral virtue, nor a Christian virtue, it is <i>political</i> virtue; and this virtue is what drives republican government, as <i>honor</i> is what drives monarchy. I have therefore called <i>political virtue</i> love of the homeland and of equality.</blockquote><br>

(<a href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/De_l%E2%80%99esprit_des_lois_(%C3%A9d._Nourse)/Livre_3#:~:text=IL%20ne%20faut,qui%20est%20la%20VERTU.">Source (French)</a>). Other translations:<br><br>

<blockquote>There is no great share of probity necessary to support a monarchical or despotic government: the force of laws, in one, and the prince’s arm, in the other, are sufficient to direct and maintain the whole. But, in a popular state, one spring more is necessary, namely, <i>virtue</i>. <br>
[tr. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Laws_(1758)/Book_III#:~:text=HERE%20is%20no%20great%20share%20of%20probity%20necessary%20to%20support%20a%20monarchical%20or%20despotic%20government.%20The%20force%20of%20laws%20in%20one%2C%20and%20the%20prince%27s%20arm%20in%20the%20other%2C%20are%20sufficient%20to%20direct%20and%20maintain%20the%20whole.%20But%20in%20a%20popular%20state%2C%20one%20spring%20more%20is%20necessary%2C%20namely%2C%20virtue.">Nugent</a> (1750)] </blockquote><br>

<blockquote>It does not take much probity for a monarchical or despotic government to maintain or sustain itself. The force of the laws in the first, and the ever-threatening arm of the prince in the second, determine or contain everything. But a popular state needs to be driven by something more, which is VIRTUE.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://montesquieu.ens-lyon.fr/spip.php?article2595#:~:text=It%20does%20not,which%20is%20VIRTUE.">Stewart</a> (2018)]</blockquote><br>						</span>
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		<title>Heinlein, Robert A. -- Glory Road, ch. 17 (1963)</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/heinlein-robert-a/81364/</link>
		<comments>https://wist.info/heinlein-robert-a/81364/#respond</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 20:36:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Heinlein, Robert A.]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[democracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[government]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[popular government]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[popular opinion]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Vox Populi, Vox Dei translates as &#8220;My God! How did we get in this mess!&#8221; Referring to a comment by Rufo about the limitations of democracy as a form of government. See Alcuin (AD 798).]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><i>Vox Populi, Vox Dei</i> translates as &#8220;My God! How did we get in <i>this</i> mess!&#8221;</p>
<br><b>Robert A. Heinlein</b> (1907-1988) American writer<br><i>Glory Road</i>, ch. 17 (1963) 
									<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href="https://archive.org/details/gloryroad0000hein/page/190/mode/2up?q=%22vox+populi%22" target="_blank">Source</a>)
										<br><br><span class="cite">
						

Referring to a comment by Rufo about the limitations of democracy as a form of government. See <a href="/alcuin/78553/">Alcuin</a> (AD 798).						</span>
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		<title>Montesquieu -- Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline [Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence], ch.  8  (1734, 1748 ed.) [tr. Lowenthal (1965)]</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/montesquieu/79655/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 14 Oct 2025 03:44:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Montesquieu]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[checks and balances]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[democracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[free government]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[In a word, a free government &#8212; that is, a government constantly subject to agitation &#8212; cannot last if it is not capable of being corrected by its own laws. [En un mot, un gouvernement libre, c’est-à-dire toujours agité, ne saurait se maintenir s’il n’est, par ses propres lois, capable de correction.] (Source (French)). Other [&#8230;]]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In a word, a free government &#8212; that is, a government constantly subject to agitation &#8212; cannot last if it is not capable of being corrected by its own laws.</p>
<p><em>[En un mot, un gouvernement libre, c’est-à-dire toujours agité, ne saurait se maintenir s’il n’est, par ses propres lois, capable de correction.]</em></p>
<br><b>Charles-Lewis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu</b> (1689-1755) French political philosopher<br><i>Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline [Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence]</i>, ch.  8  (1734, 1748 ed.) [tr. Lowenthal (1965)] 
									<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href="https://archive.org/details/MontesquieuConsiderationsOnTheCauses/page/n53/mode/2up?q=%22In+a+word%2C+a+free+government%22" target="_blank">Source</a>)
										<br><br><span class="cite">
						

(<a href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Consid%C3%A9rations_sur_les_causes_de_la_grandeur_des_Romains_et_de_leur_d%C3%A9cadence/08#:~:text=En%20un%20mot%2C%20un%20gouvernement%20libre%2C%20c%E2%80%99est%2D%C3%A0%2Ddire%20toujours%20agit%C3%A9%2C%20ne%20saurait%20se%20maintenir%20s%E2%80%99il%20n%E2%80%99est%2C%20par%20ses%20propres%20lois%2C%20capable%20de%20correction.">Source (French)</a>). Other translations:<br><br>

<blockquote>In a word, a free government, that is to say, one for ever in motion, cannot support itself, unless its own laws are capable of correcting the disorders of it.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/reflectionsoncau00mont/page/92/mode/2up?q=%22In+a+word%2C+a+free%22">B---</a> (1734)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote>In a word, a free government -- that is to say, one which is constantly agitated -- can never maintain itself if it is not, by its own laws, capable of correction.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Considerations_on_the_Causes_of_the_Gran/omgJAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22in%20a%20word%20a%20free%22">Baker</a> (1882)]</blockquote><br>						</span>
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		<title>Alcuin -- Letter (AD 798) to Charlemagne</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/alcuin/78553/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 21 Aug 2025 17:05:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Alcuin]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[The voice of the people is the voice of God. [Vox populi, vox Dei.] Collected as Epistle 166, &#8220;Capitula quę tali convenit in tempore memorari,&#8221; sec. 9 in various collections. (The epistle number varies.) Alcuin did not actually invent the phrase &#8212; though his use of it is one of the earliest recorded references. Ironically, [&#8230;]]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The voice of the people is the voice of God.</p>
<p><em>[Vox populi, vox Dei.]</em></p>
<br><b>Alcuin of York</b> (c. 735-804) Anglo-Latin scholar, clergyman, poet, teacher [Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus, Ealhwine, Alhwin, or Alchoin]<br>Letter (AD 798) to Charlemagne 
														<br><br><span class="cite">
						

Collected as Epistle 166, "Capitula quę tali convenit in tempore memorari," sec. 9 in various collections. (The epistle number varies.)<br><br>

Alcuin did not actually invent the phrase -- though his use of it is one of the earliest recorded references.  Ironically, while the phrase means that the popular will / voice / opinion is divine will, Alcuin used it <a href="https://mlat.uzh.ch/browser/8679:166#:~:text=Nec%20audiendi%20qui%20solent%20dicere%3A%20Vox%20populi%2C%20vox%20Dei.">while</a> <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Patrologiae_cursus_completus/1YLYAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22vox%20populi%22">denying</a> <a href="https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_epp_4/index.htm#page/199/mode/1up">it</a>:<br><br>

<blockquote><em>Nec audiendi qui solent dicere:</em> Vox populi, vox Dei. <em>Cum tumultuositas vulgi semper insaniæ proxima sit.</em><br>
<br>
[And those people should not be listened to who keep saying the voice of the people is the voice of God, since the riotousness of the crowd is always very close to madness.<br>
[<a href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803120141695?p=emailAyMlhZFgec50c&d=/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803120141695">Source</a>]<br>
<br>
[We should not listen to those who like to affirm that the voice of the people is the voice of God, for the tumult of the masses is truly close to madness.]<br>
[<a href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Alcuin/quotations/#:~:text=We%20should%20not%20listen%20to%20those%20who%20like%20to%20affirm%20that%20the%20voice%20of%20the%20people%20is%20the%20voice%20of%20God%2C%20for%20the%20tumult%20of%20the%20masses%20is%20truly%20close%20to%20madness.">Source</a>]</blockquote><br>

There is also some question as to <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/latin/comments/1iy7s5m/comment/metic09/">whether this is an authentic Alcuin quote</a>.  For more information about the phrase, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_populi">see here</a>.<br><br>						</span>
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		<title>Robespierre, Maximilien -- Speech, National Convention (7 May 1794)</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/robespierre-maximilien/35954/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 16 Jan 2017 20:33:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Robespierre, Maximilien]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[democracy]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[The splendor of the goal of the French Revolution is simultaneously the source of our strength and of our weakness: our strength, because it gives us an ascendancy of truth over falsehood, and of public rights over private interests; our weakness, because it rallies against us all vicious men, all those who in their hearts [&#8230;]]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The splendor of the goal of the French Revolution is simultaneously the source of our strength and of our weakness: our strength, because it gives us an ascendancy of truth over falsehood, and of public rights over private interests; our weakness, because it rallies against us all vicious men, all those who in their hearts seek to despoil the people . &#8230; It is necessary to stifle the domestic and foreign enemies of the Republic or perish with them. Now in these circumstances, the first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror. If the basis of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the basis of popular government in time of revolution is both virtue and terror: virtue without which terror is murderous, terror without which virtue is powerless. Terror is nothing else than swift, severe, indomitable justice; it flows, then, from virtue.</p>
<br><b>Maximilien Robespierre</b> (1758-174) French lawyer, politician, revolutionary leader<br>Speech, National Convention (7 May 1794) 
									<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href="http://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/robespierre-virtue-terror-1794/" target="_blank">Source</a>)
										<br><br><span class="cite">
						

In a parallel thought, he wrote in <i><a href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1794robespierre.asp#tbl_rightnav:~:text=If%20virtue%20be%20the%20spring%20of,most%20pressing%20wants%20of%20the%20country.">On the Principles of Political Morality</a></i> (1794):<br><br>

If virtue be the spring of a popular government in times of peace, the spring of that government during a revolution is virtue combined with terror: virtue, without which terror is destructive; terror, without which virtue is impotent. Terror is only justice prompt, severe and inflexible; it is then an emanation of virtue; it is less a distinct principle than a natural consequence of the general principle of democracy, applied to the most pressing wants of the country.
						</span>
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		<title>Ames, Fisher -- (Attributed)</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/ames-fisher/33168/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Apr 2016 16:09:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Ames, Fisher]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Monarchy is like a sleek craft, it sails along well until some bumbling captain runs it into the rocks. Democracy, on the other hand, is like a raft. It never goes down but, dammit, your feet are always wet. This is the earliest reference I can find to this metaphor. Variants: &#8220;A monarchy is a [&#8230;]]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Monarchy is like a sleek craft, it sails along well until some bumbling captain runs it into the rocks.  Democracy, on the other hand, is like a raft.  It never goes down but, dammit, your feet are always wet.</p>
<p><a href="https://wist.info/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Ames-feet-are-always-wet-wist_info-quote.jpg"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://wist.info/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Ames-feet-are-always-wet-wist_info-quote.jpg" alt="Ames - feet are always wet - wist_info quote" width="605" height="415" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-33178" srcset="https://wist.info/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Ames-feet-are-always-wet-wist_info-quote.jpg 605w, https://wist.info/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Ames-feet-are-always-wet-wist_info-quote-300x206.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px" /></a></p>
<br><b>Fisher Ames</b> (1758-1808) American politician, orator<br>(Attributed) 
														<br><br><span class="cite">
						

This is the earliest reference I can find to this metaphor. Variants: <ul>
	<li>"A monarchy is a merchantman which sails well, but will sometimes strike on a rock and go to the bottom; a republic is a raft which will never sink, but then your feet are always in the water." This variant is often attributed to a speech in the House of Representatives in 1795, but is not found in records of Ames' speeches.</li>
	<li>"A monarchy is like a man-of-war -- bad shots between wind and water hurt it exceedingly; there is danger of capsizing. But democracy is a raft. You cannot easily overturn it. It is a wet place, but it is a pretty safe one." -- Joseph Cook (1860-1947) Anglo-Australian politician</li>
	<li>"Dictatorship is like a big proud ship -- steaming away across the ocean with a great hulk and powerful engines driving it. It’s going fast and strong and looks like nothing could stop it. What happens? Your fine ship strikes something -- under the surface. Maybe it’s a mine or a reef, maybe it’s a torpedo or an iceberg. And your wonderful ship sinks. Now take democracy. It’s like riding on a raft, a rickety raft that was put together in a hurry. We get tossed about on the waves, it’s bad going and our feet are always wet. But that raft doesn’t sink … It’s the raft that will get to the shore at last." --- Roaldus Richmond (fl. 1940) American writer. In, ed., "A Yankee Businessman in New Hampshire," <em>American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers Project, 1936-1940</em>.</li>
	<li>"Democracy is like a raft: It won't sink, but you will always have your feet wet." -- Russell B. Long (1918-2003) American politician</li>
	<li>"But you have to understand, American democracy is not like the system you have. We're not an ocean liner that sails across the ocean from point A to point B at 30 knots. That's not American democracy. American democracy is kind of like a life raft that bobs around the ocean all the time. Your feet are always wet. Winds are always blowing. You're cold. You're wet. You're uncomfortable -- but you never sink." -- Colin Powell (b. 1937) American politician, diplomat, soldier</li></ul>

						</span>
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		<title>Jefferson, Thomas -- Letter (1787-01-16) to Edward Carrington</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/jefferson-thomas/20856/</link>
		<comments>https://wist.info/jefferson-thomas/20856/#respond</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2013 12:44:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Jefferson, Thomas]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[The basis of our governments being the opinion of the people, the very first object should be to keep that right; and were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The basis of our governments being the opinion of the people, the very first object should be to keep that right; and were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.</p>
<br><b>Thomas Jefferson</b> (1743-1826) American political philosopher, polymath, statesman, US President (1801-09)<br>Letter (1787-01-16) to Edward Carrington 
									<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-11-02-0047#document:~:text=The%20basis%20of%20our%20governments%20being,a%20moment%20to%20prefer%20the%20latter." target="_blank">Source</a>)
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		<title>Jefferson, Thomas -- Letter (1807-02-02) to H. D. Tiffin</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/jefferson-thomas/12679/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 02 Nov 2010 16:48:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Jefferson, Thomas]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[The hand of the people has given the mortal blow to a conspiracy, which, in other countries would have called for an appeal to armies; and has proved that government to be the strongest of which every man feels himself a part.]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The hand of the people has given the mortal blow to a conspiracy, which, in other countries would have called for an appeal to armies; and has proved that government to be the strongest of which every man feels himself a part.</p>
<br><b>Thomas Jefferson</b> (1743-1826) American political philosopher, polymath, statesman, US President (1801-09)<br>Letter (1807-02-02) to H. D. Tiffin 
									<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href="https://founders.archives.gov/?q=jefferson%20tiffin%201807&s=1111311111&sa=&r=6&sr=#:~:text=the%20hand%20of%20the%20people%20has%20given%20the%20mortal%20blow%20to%20a%20conspiracy%2C%20which%2C%20in%20other%20countries%20would%20have%20called%20for%20an%20appeal%20to%20armies%3B%20and%20has%20proved%20that%20government%20to%20be%20the%20strongest%20of%20which%20every%20man%20feels%20himself%20a%20part." target="_blank">Source</a>)
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		<title>Washington, George -- Essay (1796-09-17), &#8220;Farewell Address,&#8221; Claypoole&#8217;s American Daily Advertiser, Philadelphia (1796-09-19)</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/washington-george/7273/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 04 May 2009 11:51:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Washington, George]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Constitution]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[The basis of our political systems is the right of the people to make and to alter their Constitutions of Government. But the Constitution which at any time exists, ’till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole People, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and the right [&#8230;]]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The basis of our political systems is the right of the people to make and to alter their Constitutions of Government. But the Constitution which at any time exists, ’till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole People, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and the right of the People to establish Government presupposes the duty of every Individual to obey the established Government.</p>
<br><b>George Washington</b> (1732–1799) American military leader, Founding Father, US President (1789–1797)<br>Essay (1796-09-17), &#8220;Farewell Address,&#8221; <i>Claypoole&#8217;s American Daily Advertiser</i>, Philadelphia (1796-09-19) 
									<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-20-02-0440-0002#:~:text=The%20basis%20of,the%20established%20Government." target="_blank">Source</a>)
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		<title>Russell, Bertrand -- &#8220;Freedom and Government,&#8221; in Ruth Nanda Anshen, ed., Freedom: Its Meaning (1940)</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/russell-bertrand/3391/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Feb 2004 16:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Russell, Bertrand]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[force]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Since freedom of opinion can only exist when the government thinks itself secure, it is important that the government should have the approval of the great majority of the population and should deal with discontented minorities, wherever possible, in a manner calculated to allay their discontent. A government must possess force, but cannot be a [&#8230;]]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Since freedom of opinion can only exist when the government thinks itself secure, it is important that the government should have the approval of the great majority of the population and should deal with discontented minorities, wherever possible, in a manner calculated to allay their discontent. A government must possess force, but cannot be a satisfactory government unless force is seldom necessary.</p>
<br><b>Bertrand Russell</b> (1872-1970) English mathematician and philosopher<br>&#8220;Freedom and Government,&#8221; in Ruth Nanda Anshen, ed., <i>Freedom: Its Meaning</i> (1940) 
									<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href="https://russell.humanities.mcmaster.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/10-58.pdf" target="_blank">Source</a>)
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		<title>Lincoln, Abraham -- Speech (1861-03-04), Inaugural Address, Washington, D. C.</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/lincoln-abraham/2539/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Feb 2004 16:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Lincoln, Abraham]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[anarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[authoritarianism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[checks and balances]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people. Whoever rejects it does of necessity fly to anarchy or to despotism.]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p> A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people. Whoever rejects it does of necessity fly to anarchy or to despotism.</p>
<br><b>Abraham Lincoln</b> (1809-1865) American lawyer, politician, US President (1861-65)<br>Speech (1861-03-04), Inaugural Address, Washington, D. C. 
									<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/inaugural-address-34#:~:text=A%20majority%20held%20in%20restraint%20by%20constitutional%20checks%20and%20limitations%2C%20and%20always%20changing%20easily%20with%20deliberate%20changes%20of%20popular%20opinions%20and%20sentiments%2C%20is%20the%20only%20true%20sovereign%20of%20a%20free%20people.%20Whoever%20rejects%20it%20does%20of%20necessity%20fly%20to%20anarchy%20or%20to%20despotism." target="_blank">Source</a>)
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		<title>Bierce, Ambrose -- &#8220;Referendum,&#8221; The Devil&#8217;s Dictionary (1911)</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/bierce-ambrose/1076/</link>
		<comments>https://wist.info/bierce-ambrose/1076/#respond</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Feb 2004 18:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Bierce, Ambrose]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[democracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[legislation]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[referendum]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[REFERENDUM, n. A law for submission of proposed legislation to a popular vote to learn the nonsensus of public opinion. Originally published in The Devil&#8217;s Dictionary [A-Z] as Vol. 7 of his Collected Works.]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="hangingindent">REFERENDUM, <i>n.</i> A law for submission of proposed legislation to a popular vote to learn the nonsensus of public opinion.</p>
<p></p>
<br><b>Ambrose Bierce</b> (1842-1914?) American writer and journalist<br>&#8220;Referendum,&#8221; <i>The Devil&#8217;s Dictionary</i> (1911) 
									<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Dictionary/R#:~:text=REFERENDUM%2C%20n.%20A%20law%20for%20submission%20of%20proposed%20legislation%20to%20a%20popular%20vote%20to%20learn%20the%20nonsensus%20of%20public%20opinion." target="_blank">Source</a>)
										<br><br><span class="cite">
						

<a href="https://archive.org/details/unabridgeddevils00bier/page/376/mode/2up?q=%22referendum+reflection%22">Originally published</a> in <i>The Devil's Dictionary</i> [A-Z] as Vol. 7 of his <i>Collected Works</i>.


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