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		<title>Hugo, Victor -- Last Day of a Condemned Man [Le Dernier Jour d&#8217;un Condamné],  1832 Preface (1829) [tr. Woolen (1992)]</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 03 Nov 2026 00:08:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Hugo, Victor]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[amelioration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[appropriateness]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[avenging]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[capital punishment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[correction]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[death penalty]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[divine punishment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hubris]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[improvement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[judicial system]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[justice system]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pettiness]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[propriety]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[punishment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rehabilitation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vengeance]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[But secondly, you say, &#8220;society must exact vengeance, and society must punish.&#8221; Wrong on both counts. Vengeance comes from the individual, and punishment from God. Society is poised between the two. Punishment is too far above, and vengeance too far beneath it. Nothing so great or so petty can be appropriate. We must not &#8220;strike [&#8230;]]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span class="tab">But secondly, you say, &#8220;society must exact vengeance, and society must punish.&#8221; Wrong on both counts. Vengeance comes from the individual, and punishment from God.<br />
<span class="tab">Society is poised between the two. Punishment is too far above, and vengeance too far beneath it. Nothing so great or so petty can be appropriate. We must not &#8220;strike in vengeance&#8221; but <i>improve by correction.</i></p>
<p><span class="tab"><em>[Mais, reprend-on, &#8212; il faut que la société se venge, que la société punisse. &#8212; Ni l&#8217;un, ni l&#8217;autre. Se venger est de l&#8217;individu, punir est de Dieu.<br />
<span class="tab">La société est entre deux. Le châtiment est au-dessus d&#8217;elle, la vengeance au-dessous. Rien de si grand et de si petit ne lui sied. Elle ne doit pas &#8220;punir pour se venger&#8221;; elle doit corriger pour améliorer.]</span></em></span></span></span></p>
<br><b>Victor Hugo</b> (1802–1885) French writer, journalist, human rights activist, politician<br><i>Last Day of a Condemned Man [Le Dernier Jour d&#8217;un Condamné]</i>,  1832 Preface (1829) [tr. Woolen (1992)] 
						<br><br><span class="cite">
						

(<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/6838/pg6838-images.html#:~:text=Mais%2C%20reprend%2Don,corriger%20pour%20am%C3%A9liorer.">Source (French)</a>). Other translations: <br><br>

<blockquote>But it is urged by the apologists for the penalty of death, that society must avenge itself -- society must punish. This is incorrect -- vengeance only belongs to the individual -- punishment to God. Society ought not to <i>punish to avenge</i> -- it should <i>correct to ameliorate.</i><br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_last_day_of_a_condemned_tr_by_G_W_M/OtgDAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover&bsq=%22urged%20by%20the%20apologists%22">Reynolds</a> (1840)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab">They continue, “But society must avenge itself, society must punish.”<br>
<span class="tab">Neither one nor the other; <i>vengeance</i> is an individual act, and <i>punishment</i> belongs to God. Society is between the two; punishment is above its power, retaliation beneath it. Society should not punish, to avenge itself; it should correct, to ameliorate others!<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/65215/pg65215-images.html#PREFACE-1:~:text=They%20continue%2C%20%E2%80%9CBut,to%20ameliorate%20others!">Fleetwood</a> (1840)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab">But, they say, society must avenge itself; society must punish. Neither the one nor the other. To avenge belongs to the individual; punishment, to God.<br>
<span class="tab">Society is between the two. Punishment is above her; vengeance beneath. She uses nothing so great or so small. She should not "punish to avenge herself;" she should <i>"correct to make better."</i><br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/bugjargallastday00hugo/page/206/mode/2up?q=%22society+must+avenge%22">Ward</a> (1896)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab">But let’s continue. Society must take revenge, punish. It is neither one nor the other. Revenge is for the individual, punishment for God.<br>
<span class="tab">Society falls between the two. Punishment is above it, vengeance beneath. Neither something so great nor something so small befits it. It should not "punish to take revenge": it should correct in order to improve.
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/lastdayofcondemn0000hugo_w4u6/page/14/mode/2up?q=%22society+must%22">Moncrieff</a> (2009)]</blockquote><br>						</span>
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		<title>Horace -- Epistles [Epistularum, Letters], Book 1, ep.  1 &#8220;To Maecenas,&#8221; l.  38ff (1.1.38-40) (20 BC) [tr. Creech (1684)]</title>
		<link>https://wist.info/horace/78567/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 22 Aug 2025 16:20:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dave</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Horace]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[advice]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[anger]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[brutality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[character]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[coarseness]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[culture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[degradation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[drunkenness]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[envy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[faults]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gluttony]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[lust]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[moral character]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[norms]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[reform]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rehabilitation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[self-control]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[self-improvement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sloth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[temperament]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vice]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[virtue]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[wisdom]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[wrath]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[The Rash, the Lazy, Lover, none&#8217;s so wild, But may be tame, and may be wisely mild, If they consult true Vertue&#8217;s Rules with care, And lend to good advice a patient ear. [Invidus, iracundus, iners, vinosus, amator, nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit, si modo culturae patientem commodet aurem.] (Source (Latin)). Other [&#8230;]]]></description>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Rash, the Lazy, Lover, none&#8217;s so wild,<br />
But may be tame, and may be wisely mild,<br />
If they consult true Vertue&#8217;s Rules with care,<br />
And lend to good advice a patient ear.</p>
<p><em>[Invidus, iracundus, iners, vinosus, amator,<br />
nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit,<br />
si modo culturae patientem commodet aurem.]</em></p>
<br><b>Horace</b> (65–8 BC) Roman poet, satirist, soldier, politician [Quintus Horatius Flaccus]<br><i>Epistles [Epistularum, Letters]</i>, Book 1, ep.  1 &#8220;To Maecenas,&#8221; l.  38ff (1.1.38-40) (20 BC) [tr. Creech (1684)] 
						<br><br><span class="cite">
						

(<a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0539%3Abook%3D1%3Apoem%3D1#:~:text=invidus%2C%20iracundus,commodet%20aurem.">Source (Latin)</a>). Other translations:<br><br>

<blockquote>Th'envyouse, angrye, drunken, slowe, the lover lewde and wylde<br>
None so outeragiouse, but in tyme he maye become full mylde.<br>
If he to good advertisemente will retche his listenyng eare,<br>
And meekely byde with pacience the counsaile he shall heare.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A03670.0001.001/1:7?rgn=div1;view=fulltext#:~:text=Th%27enuyouse%2C%20angrye%2C%20drunken,he%20shall%20heare.">Drant</a> (1567)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote>The Envious, Wrathful, Sluggish, Drunkard, Lover:<br>
No Beast so wild, but may be tam'd, if he<br>
Will unto Precepts listen patiently.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?cc=eebo;c=eebo;idno=a44478.0001.001;node=A44478.0001.001:8;seq=1;rgn=div1;view=text#:~:text=T%E2%80%A2e,Precepts%20listen%20patiently.">Fanshawe</a>; ed. Brome (1666)] </blockquote><br>

<blockquote>The slave to envy, anger, wine, or love, <br>
The wretch of sloth, its excellence shall prove: <br>
Fierceness itself shall hear its rage away. <br>
When listening calmly to the instructive lay.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/satiresepistlesi00hora/page/164/mode/2up?q=%22envy%2C+anger%22">Francis</a> (1747)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote>The heart with envy cold -- with anger hot, <br>
The libertine, the sluggard and the sot -- <br>
No wretch so savage, but, if he resign <br>
His soul to culture, wisdom can refine.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Epodes_Satires_and_Epistles_of_Horac/TPgDAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22vice%20to%20renounce%22">Howes</a> (1845)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote>The envious, the choleric, the indolent, the slave to wine, to women -- none is so savage that he can not be tamed, if he will only lend a patient ear to discipline.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_works_of_Horace/First_Book_of_Epistles#:~:text=The%20envious%2C%20the%20choleric%2C%20the%20indolent%2C%20the%20slave%20to%20wine%2C%20to%20women%E2%80%94none%20is%20so%20savage%20that%20he%20can%20not%20be%20tamed%2C%20if%20he%20will%20only%20lend%20a%20patient%20ear%20to%20discipline.">Smart/Buckley</a> (1853)] </blockquote><br>

<blockquote>Run through the list of faults; whate'er you be,<br>
Coward, pickthank, spitfire, drunkard, debauchee,<br>
Submit to culture patiently, you'll find<br>
Her charms can humanize the rudest mind.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Satires,_Epistles_%26_Art_of_Poetry_of_Horace/Ep1-1#:~:text=Run%20through%20the%20list%20of%20faults%3B%20whate%27er%20you%20be%2C%0ACoward%2C%20pickthank%2C%20spitfire%2C%20drunkard%2C%20debauchee%2C%0ASubmit%20to%20culture%20patiently%2C%20you%27ll%20find%0AHer%20charms%20can%20humanize%20the%20rudest%20mind.">Conington</a> (1874)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote>However coarse in grain a man may be,<br>
Drone, brawler, makebate, drunkard, debauchee,<br>
A patient ear to culture let him lend,<br>
He's sure to turn out gentler in the end.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/worksofhorace02horauoft/page/266/mode/2up?q=%22coarse+in+grain%22">Martin</a> (1881)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote>Are you envious, irascible, inert, given to wine or immorality? No person is so savage that he cannot grow milder, provided he lend a patient ear to civilization's culture.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Works_of_Horace/-f8pAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22unable%20to%20see%22">Elgood</a> (1893)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote>The slave to envy, anger, sloth, wine, lewdness -- no one is so savage that he cannot be tamed, if only he lend to treatment a patient ear.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/satiresepistlesa00horauoft/page/254/mode/2up?q=%22slave+to+envy%22">Fairclough</a> (Loeb) (1926)]</blockquote><br>



<blockquote>The envious, passionate, slothful, drunken, lewd — <br>
No man so savage but he drops the mood,<br>
Lend he but patient ear to counsel good.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/completeworksofh0000casp_g2w3/page/306/mode/2up?q=%22the+envious%2C+passionate%22">Murison</a>, ed. Kraemer (1936)]</blockquote><br>





<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">The envious man,<br>
The sorehead, the lazy lout, the drinker, the lover:<br>
No one is such a beast as not to be tamed<br>
By lending a patient ear to moral advice.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/satiresanndepist0000hora/page/166/mode/2up?q=sorehead">Palmer Bovie</a> (1959)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote>Envious, wrathful, lazy, drunken men, lewd lovers too, <br>
none is so thoroughly wild a beast he can't be tamed, <br>
if only he'll lend for cultivation's sake an open ear.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/horacessatiresep0000hora/page/50/mode/2up?q=%22envious%2C+wrathful%22">Fuchs</a> (1977)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab"><span class="tab">Jealousy,<br>
Anger, laziness, drunkenness, lust: everything<br>
Can be cured, nothing is so wild <br>
That patient teaching will ever fail you.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/essentialhoraceo0000hora/page/198/mode/2up?q=%22anger%2C+laziness%22">Raffel</a> (1983)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote>Nobody's so far gone in savagery --<br>
A slave of envy, wrath, lust, drunkenness, sloth --<br>
That he can't be civilized, if he'll only listen<br>
Patiently to the doctor's good advice.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Epistles_of_Horace/FUyHO-GZ9A8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22gone%20in%20savagery%22">Ferry</a> (2001)] </blockquote><br>

<blockquote>Whether he’s envious, choleric, indolent, drunken or lustful -- <br>
no one is so unruly that he can’t become more gentle,<br>
if only he listens with care to what his trainer tells him.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://archive.org/details/satiresofhoracep00hora/page/78/mode/2up?q=%22envious%2C+choleric%22">Rudd</a> (2005 ed.)]</blockquote><br>

<blockquote>Envious, irascible, idle, drunken, lustful,<br>
No man’s so savage he can’t be civilised,<br>
If he’ll attend patiently to self-cultivation.<br>
[tr. <a href="https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/HoraceEpistlesBkIEpI.php#anchor_Toc98156301:~:text=Envious%2C%20irascible%2C%20idle,to%20self%2Dcultivation.">Kline</a> (2015)]</blockquote><br>						</span>
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